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Insect biodiversity [scienc...
This second volume of Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society offers further research and expert commentary on insects & apos complex relationships with human society and our endangered environment. Featuring entirely new contributions from leading researchers and scholars in the field, the text explores and analyses key topics from geographical, socio-cultural, and taxonomic perspectives
Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, Volume II approaches insect biodiversity regionally, and examines a wide range of areas including the Arctic and Asia, as well as habitats such as crops, caves, and islands. The authors discuss all insect orders not covered in Volume One, and provide scientific and societal analyses that illustrate the positive and negative aspects of each group. Finally, Volume Two also offers considerations of insects & apos shifting roles in human culture, with insights into past insect biodiversity and thoughts on the future from a cyber-taxonomic viewpoint. This comprehensive resource
Offers the most up-to-date information on the important subject of insect biodiversity
Explores vital topics such as the impact on insect biodiversity of habitat loss and degradation and climate change
With Volume One, presents current information on the biodiversity of all insect orders
Contains reviews of insect biodiversity in culture and art, in the fossil record, and in agricultural systems
Robert G. Foottit is a research scientist specializing in the taxonomy of aphids and related groups, with the Canadian National Collection of insects and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. His research interests include the use of morphological and molecular approaches in the study of aphid species and populations
Peter H. Adler is a professor of entomology at Clemson University, where he holds a teaching and research appointment, specializing in the behavior, ecology, genetics, and systematics of insects, particularlv butterflies and medically important flies. --Book Jacket
Monografía
monografia Rebiun29436803 https://catalogo.rebiun.org/rebiun/record/Rebiun29436803 c| cnu---unuuu 180409s2018 nju sb 001 0 eng d 9781118945605 1118945603 9781118945582 1118945581 9781118945575 BUAL Insect biodiversity Recurso electrónico] science and society. Volume II edited by Robert G. Foottit, Peter H. Adler 2nd ed Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons 2018 Hoboken, NJ Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons 1 online resource 1 online resource Includes bibliographical references and index Machine generated contents note:) 1.1.) Discovery Robert G. Foottit Peter H. Adler -- 1.2.) Conceptual Development Robert G. Foottit Peter H. Adler -- 1.3.) Information Management Robert G. Foottit Peter H. Adler -- 1.4.) Conclusions Robert G. Foottit Peter H. Adler. -- Acknowledgments Robert G. Foottit Peter H. Adler. -- References Robert G. Foottit Peter H. Adler -- 2.) Insect Biodiversity in the Arctic Robert G. Foottit Peter H. Adler -- 2.1.) Documenting Biodiversity-Traditional Taxonomy Versus DNA Barcoding Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.2.) Insect Species Diversity in the Arctic Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.2.1.) Composition of the Arctic Insect Fauna Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.2.2.) Species Richness Trends Along Latitudinal Gradients Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.2.3.) Geographical and Regional Variations in Species Richness Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.2.4.) Diversity Oases Within the Arctic Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.3.) Historical Insect Biodiversity in the Arctic-the Time Perspective Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.3.1.) Nunataks and Glacial Refugia as Generators of Biodiversity Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.3.2.) Endemism Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.4.) Biodiversity on the Landscape Scale Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.4.1.) Variation in Biodiversity on a Landscape Scale Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.4.2.) Local Effects on Biodiversity-Predation and Natural Disturbance Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.5.) Important Characteristics of Arctic Insect Biodiversity Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.5.1.) Specialist Versus Generalist Species Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.5.2.) Life-History Adaptation Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.5.3.) Genetic Diversity Within Species and Groups Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.5.4.) Reproductive Variation and Parthenogenesis Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.5.5.) Diversity of Adaptations for Maximizing Heat Absorption Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.6.) Cold Tolerance-a Diversity of Adaptations Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.6.1.) Brachyptery and Wing Polymorphism Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.7.) Dispersal, Immigration, and Biodiversity Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.8.) Pollinator Networks and Pollinator Biodiversity Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.9.) Biodiversity Paradise for Parasites? Ian D. Hodkinson -- 2.10.) Biodiversity and the Changing Arctic Climate Ian D. Hodkinson. -- References Ian D. Hodkinson -- 3.) Insect Biodiversity in Indochina: A Window into the Riches of the Oriental Region Ian D. Hodkinson -- 3.1.) Physical Geography and Climate Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.) Features of Insect Biodiversity in the Lower Mekong Subregion Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.1.) Blattodea Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.2.) Coleoptera Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.3.) Dermaptera Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.4.) Diptera Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.5.) Embiodea Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.6.) Ephemeroptera Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.7.) Hemiptera Seunghwan Lee Ram Keshari Duwal -- 3.2.8.) Hymenoptera Seunghwan Lee Ram Keshari Duwal -- 3.2.9.) "Isoptera" Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.10.) Lepidoptera Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.11.) Mantodea Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.12.) Mecoptera Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.13.) Megaloptera Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.14.) Microcoryphia and Zygentoma Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.15.) Neuroptera Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.16.) Notoptera (Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea) Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.17.) Odonata Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.18.) Orthoptera Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.19.) Phasmatodea Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.20.) Phthiraptera Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.21.) Plecoptera Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.22.) Psocoptera Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.23.) Raphidioptera Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.24.) Siphonaptera Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.25.) Strepsiptera Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.26.) Thysanoptera Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.27.) Trichoptera Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.2.28.) Zoraptera Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.3.) Insect Biodiversity and Society in Indochina Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.3.1.) Entomophagy in the Lower Mekong Subregion Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.3.2.) Research Initiatives Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 3.4.) Conclusions Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee. -- Acknowledgments Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee. -- References Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 4.) Biodiversity of Arthropods on Islands Ram Keshari Duwal Seunghwan Lee -- 4.1.) What is an Island? Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.1.1.) History of the Island Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.1.2.) Degree of Isolation Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.1.3.) Area of the Island Rosemary G. Gillespie Kipling Will -- 4.1.4.) Age of the Island Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.2.) Ecological Attributes of Islands Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.2.1.) Species Diversity on Islands Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.2.2.) Island Colonization Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.2.3.) Factors Facilitating Establishment Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.2.4.) Niche Preemption Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.2.5.) Ecological Release Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.2.6.) Networks of Ecological Interactions Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.3.) Evolution on Islands Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.3.1.) Anagenesis Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.3.2.) Cladogenesis Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.3.3.) Adaptive Radiation Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.3.4.) Isolation, Hybridization, and Admixture Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.3.5.) Parallel Evolution and Convergence Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.4.) Evolution in Other Insular Environments Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.4.1.) Mountaintops-Sky Islands Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.4.2.) Caves Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.4.3.) Desert Dunes and Salt Lakes Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.4.4.) Habitat Fragments Kipling Will Rosemary G. Gillespie -- 4.5.) Characteristics of Island Biodiversity Rosemary G. Gillespie Kipling Will -- 4.5.1.) Disharmony Rosemary G. Gillespie Kipling Will -- 4.5.2.) Endemism Rosemary G. Gillespie Kipling Will -- 4.5.3.) Loss of Dispersal Ability and Flightlessness Rosemary G. Gillespie Kipling Will -- 4.5.4.) Innovations Rosemary G. Gillespie Kipling Will -- 4.5.5.) Size Rosemary G. Gillespie Kipling Will -- 4.5.6.) Reproductive Shifts Rosemary G. Gillespie Kipling Will -- 4.6.) Conservation Rosemary G. Gillespie Kipling Will -- 4.6.1.) Taxonomic Impediments Rosemary G. Gillespie Kipling Will -- 4.6.2.) Restricted Ranges and Small Population Sizes Rosemary G. Gillespie Kipling Will -- 4.6.3.) Abiotic Factors Rosemary G. Gillespie Kipling Will -- 4.6.4.) Invasive Species Rosemary G. Gillespie Kipling Will -- 4.7.) Conclusion Rosemary G. Gillespie Kipling Will. -- References Rosemary G. Gillespie Kipling Will -- 5.) Beneficial Insects in Agriculture: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Rosemary G. Gillespie Kipling Will -- 5.1.) Components of Biodiversity: Species Richness, Species Evenness, and Species Identity Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder -- 5.2.) Why Does Insect Biodiversity Matter to Agriculture? Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder -- 5.2.1.) Complementarity Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder -- 5.2.1.1.) Temporal Complementarity Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder -- 5.2.1.2.) Spatial Complementarity Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder -- 5.2.1.3.) Behavioral Complementarity Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder -- 5.2.2.) Identity Effects in Pollinator, Predator, and Detritivore Communities Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder -- 5.2.3.) Disruptive Species Interactions in Diverse Communities Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder -- 5.3.) Degradation of Biodiversity Through Agricultural Intensification, and Its Reversal Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder -- 5.4.) Restoring Biodiversity to Agroecosystems Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder -- 5.4.1.) Restoring Key Resources Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder -- 5.4.2.) Optimizing Use of Pesticides Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder -- 5.4.3.) Diversifying Farming Landscapes at Larger Scales Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder -- 5.5.) Conclusions and Recommendations Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder -- 5.5.1.) Clarify Mechanisms Leading to Biodiversity Effects Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder -- 5.5.2.) Consider Biodiversity Effects That Span Multiple Ecosystem Services HS Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder -- 5.5.3.) Better Link Management Practices to Beneficial Biodiversity Effects Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder -- 5.5.4.) Rank the Relative Importance of Habitat Loss Versus Agrochemical Use Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder Note continued:) 5.5.5.) Elucidate Strategies That Facilitate Transition from Current Agricultural Production Practices to Those That Are Sustainable and Provide Improved Ecosystem Services Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder -- 5.6.) Summary Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder. -- Acknowledgments Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder. -- References Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder -- 6.) Insects in Caves Matthew S. Jones William E. Snyder -- 6.1.) Story of Leptodirus hochenwartii David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.2.) Variety of Subterranean Spaces David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.2.1.) Overview David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.2.2.) Caves David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.2.3.) Soil and Interstitial Habitats David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.2.4.) Shallow Subterranean Habitats David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.2.4.1.) Epikarst David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.2.4.2.) Milieu Souterrain Superficiel David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.2.4.3.) Calcrete Aquifers David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.2.4.4.) Unifying Features of Shallow Subterranean Habitats David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.3.) Ecological Roles of Insects in Caves David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.3.1.) Relative Importance of Subterranean Habitats in the Ecology of Different Insects David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.3.2.) Trophic Roles David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.4.) Morphological and Life-History Adaptations of Insects to Subterranean Life David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.5.) Probable Modes of Successful Colonization of Subterranean Space David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.5.1.) Initial Colonization David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.5.2.) Successful Colonization David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.5.3.) Allopatric Versus Parapatric Speciation David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.5.4.) Subterranean Dispersal David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.6.) Taxonomic and Geographic Patterns of Subterranean Insect Biodiversity David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.6.1.) Geographic Patterns David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.6.2.) Taxonomic Review of Troglobiotic Insects David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.6.2.1.) Collembola David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.6.2.2.) Diplura David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.6.2.3.) Coleoptera David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.6.2.4.) Fulgoromorpha David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 6.7.) Human Utility and Protection of Cave Insects David C. Culver Tanja Pipan. -- References David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 7.) Biodiversity of the Thysanurans (Microcoryphia and Zygentoma) David C. Culver Tanja Pipan -- 7.1.) Paleontological Data Luis F. Mendes -- 7.2.) Parasitism Luis F. Mendes -- 7.2.1.) Unicellular Parasites Luis F. Mendes -- 7.2.2.) Nematoda Luis F. Mendes -- 7.2.3.) Acarids Luis F. Mendes -- 7.2.4.) Strepsiptera Luis F. Mendes -- 7.2.5.) Fungi Luis F. Mendes -- 7.3.) Predation Luis F. Mendes -- 7.4.) Order Microcoryphia (= Archaeognatha) Luis F. Mendes -- 7.4.1.) Characterization Luis F. Mendes -- 7.4.2.) Bionomics Luis F. Mendes -- 7.4.3.) Taxonomy Luis F. Mendes -- 7.4.4.) Identification Key for Families, Subfamilies, and Paleoforms of Microcoryphia Luis F. Mendes -- 7.5.) Order Zygentoma (= Thysanura Sensu Stricto) Luis F. Mendes -- 7.5.1.) Characterization Luis F. Mendes -- 7.5.2.) Bionomics Luis F. Mendes -- 7.5.3.) Taxonomy Luis F. Mendes -- 7.5.4.) Identification Key for Families and Subfamilies of Zygentoma Luis F. Mendes -- 7.6.) Genetic Studies of Thysanurans Luis F. Mendes -- 7.7.) Thysanurans and Humans Luis F. Mendes -- 7.8.) Geographic Distribution of the Thysanurans Luis F. Mendes. -- References Luis F. Mendes -- 8.) Biodiversity of Zoraptera and Their Little-Known Biology Luis F. Mendes -- 8.1.) Morphology Jae C. Choe -- 8.2.) Life History and Ecology Jae C. Choe -- 8.3.) Reproduction Jae C. Choe -- 8.4.) Phylogenetic Position-"The Zoraptera Problem" Jae C. Choe -- 8.5.) Conclusion Jae C. Choe. -- Acknowledgments Jae C. Choe. -- References Jae C. Choe -- 9.) Biodiversity of Embiodea Jae C. Choe -- 9.1.) Diversity in Habitat and Silk Janice S. Edgerly -- 9.2.) Promise of Silk-Like Biomaterials and Emerging Lessons from Webspinners Janice S. Edgerly -- 9.3.) Social Behavior Janice S. Edgerly -- 9.4.) Families of Embiodea Janice S. Edgerly -- 9.4.1.) Andesembiidae Janice S. Edgerly -- 9.4.2.) Anisembiidae Janice S. Edgerly -- 9.4.3.) Archembiidae Janice S. Edgerly -- 9.4.4.) Australembiidae Janice S. Edgerly -- 9.4.5.) Clothodidae Janice S. Edgerly -- 9.4.6.) Embiidae Janice S. Edgerly -- 9.4.7.) Embonychidae Janice S. Edgerly -- 9.4.8.) Notoligotomidae Janice S. Edgerly -- 9.4.9.) Oligotomidae Janice S. Edgerly -- 9.4.10.) Paedembiidae Janice S. Edgerly -- 9.4.11.) Ptilocerembiidae Janice S. Edgerly -- 9.4.12.) Scelembiidae Janice S. Edgerly -- 9.4.13.) Teratembiidae Janice S. Edgerly -- 9.5.) Webspinners of the Fossil Record Janice S. Edgerly -- 9.6.) Conclusion Janice S. Edgerly. -- References Janice S. Edgerly -- 10.) Biodiversity of Orthoptera Janice S. Edgerly -- 10.1.) Taxonomic Classification and Phylogeny Hojun Song -- 10.2.) Diversity and Distribution Hojun Song -- 10.3.) Morphological and Biological Diversity Hojun Song -- 10.4.) Societal Importance Hojun Song -- 10.5.) Overview of Taxa Hojun Song -- 10.5.1.) Suborder Ensifera Hojun Song -- 10.5.1.1.) Superfamily Grylloidea Hojun Song -- 10.5.1.2.) Superfamily Gryllotalpoidea Hojun Song -- 10.5.1.3.) Superfamily Schizodactyloidea Hojun Song -- 10.5.1.4.) Superfamily Rhaphidophoroidea Hojun Song -- 10.5.1.5.) Superfamily Hagloidea Hojun Song -- 10.5.1.6.) Superfamily Stenopelmatoidea Hojun Song -- 10.5.1.7.) Superfamily Tettigonioidea Hojun Song -- 10.5.2.) Suborder Caelifera Hojun Song -- 10.5.2.1.) Superfamily Tridactyloidea Hojun Song -- 10.5.2.2.) Superfamily Tetrigoidea Hojun Song -- 10.5.2.3.) Superfamily Eumastacoidea Hojun Song -- 10.5.2.4.) Superfamily Proscopioidea Hojun Song -- 10.5.3.5.) Superfamily Tanaoceroidea Hojun Song -- 10.5.3.6.) Superfamily Trigonopterygoidea Hojun Song -- 10.5.3.7.) Superfamily Pneumoroidea Hojun Song -- 10.5.3.8.) Superfamily Pyrgomorphoidea Hojun Song -- 10.5.3.9.) Superfamily Acridoidea Hojun Song. -- Acknowledgments Hojun Song. -- References Hojun Song -- 11.) Biodiversity of Phasmatodea Hojun Song -- 11.1.) Phasmatodean Phylogeny Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.2.) Overview of Taxa Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.2.1.) Timema Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.2.2.) Agathemera Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.2.3.) Heteronemiinae Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.2.4.) Aschiphasmatinae Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.2.5.) Phylliinae-The True Leaf Insects Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.2.6.) Heteropteryginae Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.2.7.) Diapheromerinae Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.2.8.) Pseudophasmatinae Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.2.9.) Palophinae Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.2.10.) African Clade Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.2.11.) Gratidiini Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.2.12.) Clitumnini Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.2.13.) Medaurini Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.2.14.) Pharnaciini Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.2.15.) Cladomorphinae Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.2.16.) Stephanacridini Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.2.17.) Lanceocercata-The "Marsupials" Among the Phasmatodea Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.2.18.) Lonchodinae Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.2.19.) Necrosciinae Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.3.) Phasmatodean Fossil Record Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.4.) Phasmatodea as Research Tools Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 11.5.) Importance to Human Society Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley. -- References Sven Bradler Thomas R. Buckley -- 12.) Biodiversity of Dermaptera Thomas R. Buckley Sven Bradler -- 12.1.) Epizoic Dermaptera Fabian Haas -- 12.2.) Structure and Function Fabian Haas -- 12.3.) Locomotion Fabian Haas -- 12.4.) Distribution Fabian Haas -- 12.5.) Development and Reproduction Fabian Haas -- 12.6.) Behavior Fabian Haas -- 12.6.1.) Mating Behavior and Maternal Care Fabian Haas -- 12.6.2.) Defense Fabian Haas -- 12.6.3.) Feeding Fabian Haas -- 12.7.) Parasitism and Symbiosis Fabian Haas -- 12.8.) Fossils and Research History Fabian Haas -- 12.9.) Overview of Taxa Fabian Haas -- 12.9.1.) Lower Dermaptera Fabian Haas -- 12.9.2.) Higher Dermaptera Fabian Haas -- 12.10.) Societal and Scientific Importance Fabian Haas -- 12.10.1.) Plant Pests, Biological Control Agents, and General Nuisances Fabian Haas -- 12.10.2.) Medical, Veterinary, and Forensic Importance Fabian Haas -- 12.10.3.) Invasive Alien Species Fabian Haas -- 12.10.4.) Pollination and Other Ecological Services Fabian Haas -- 12.10.5.) Research Tools Fabian Haas -- 12.10.6.) Conservation-Vanishing Species Fabian Haas -- 12.10.7.) Cultural Legacy Fabian Haas. -- Acknowledgments Fabian Haas. -- References Fabian Haas -- 13.) Biodiversity of Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea Fabian Haas Note continued:) 13.1.) Grylloblattodea Monika J.B. Eberhard Sean D. Schoville Klaus-Dieter Klass -- 13.1.1.) Morphology and Biology Monika J.B. Eberhard Sean D. Schoville Klaus-Dieter Klass -- 13.1.2.) Overview of Taxa Monika J.B. Eberhard Sean D. Schoville Klaus-Dieter Klass -- 13.2.) Mantophasmatodea Monika J.B. Eberhard Sean D. Schoville Klaus-Dieter Klass -- 13.2.1.) Morphology and Biology Monika J.B. Eberhard Sean D. Schoville Klaus-Dieter Klass -- 13.2.2.) Overview of Taxa Monika J.B. Eberhard Sean D. Schoville Klaus-Dieter Klass -- 13.2.2.1.) Tanzaniophasmatidae Monika J.B. Eberhard Sean D. Schoville Klaus-Dieter Klass -- 13.2.2.2.) Mantophasmatidae Monika J.B. Eberhard Sean D. Schoville Klaus-Dieter Klass -- 13.2.2.3.) Tyrannophasma/Praedatophasma Clade Klaus-Dieter Klass Monika J.B. Eberhard Sean D. Schoville -- 13.2.2.4.) Austrophasmatidae Monika J.B. Eberhard Sean D. Schoville Klaus-Dieter Klass -- 13.3.) Fossil Record Monika J.B. Eberhard Sean D. Schoville Klaus-Dieter Klass -- 13.4.) Conclusions Monika J.B. Eberhard Sean D. Schoville Klaus-Dieter Klass. -- Acknowledgments Monika J.B. Eberhard Sean D. Schoville Klaus-Dieter Klass. -- References Monika J.B. Eberhard Sean D. Schoville Klaus-Dieter Klass -- 14.) Biodiversity of Blattodea-the Cockroaches and Termites Monika J.B. Eberhard Sean D. Schoville Klaus-Dieter Klass -- 14.1.) Overview of Taxa Marie Djerns -- 14.1.1.) Superfamily Corydioidea Marie Djerns -- 14.1.1.1.) Family Corydiidae Marie Djerns -- 14.1.1.2.) Family Nocticolidae Marie Djerns -- 14.1.2.) Superfamily Blaberoidea Marie Djerns -- 14.1.2.1.) Family Ectobiidae Marie Djerns -- 14.1.2.2.) Family Blaberidae Marie Djerns -- 14.1.3.) Superfamily Blattoidea Marie Djerns -- 14.1.3.1.) Family Blattidae Marie Djerns -- 14.1.3.2.) Family Lamproblattidae Marie Djerns -- 14.1.3.3.) Family Tryonicidae Marie Djerns -- 14.1.3.4.) Family Anaplectidae Marie Djerns -- 14.1.3.5.) Family Cryptocercidae Marie Djerns -- 14.1.3.6.) Termites Marie Djerns -- 14.2.) Societal Importance Marie Djerns -- 14.2.1.) Cockroaches and Science Marie Djerns -- 14.2.2.) Cockroaches as Pests Marie Djerns -- 14.2.3.) Cockroaches as Food, Feed, and Medicine Marie Djerns -- 14.2.4.) Pet and Feeder Species Marie Djerns -- 14.2.5.) Ecological Importance Marie Djerns -- 14.2.6.) Conservation Status Marie Djerns. -- References Marie Djerns -- 15.) Biodiversity of Mantodea Marie Djerns -- 15.1.) Morphological and Biological Diversity Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.) Phylogeny and Classification Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.1.) Acanthopidae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.2.) Acontistidae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.3.) Amorphoscelidae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.4.) Angelidae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.5.) Chaeteessidae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.6.) Coptopterygidae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.7.) Empusidae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.8.) Epaphroditidae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.9.) Eremiaphilidae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.10.) Galinthiadidae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.11.) Hymenopodidae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.12.) Iridopterygidae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.13.) Liturgusidae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.14.) Mantidae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.15.) Mantoididae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.16.) Metallyticidae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.17.) Photinaidae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.18.) Stenophyllidae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.19.) Tarachodidae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.20.) Thespidae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.21.) Toxoderidae Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.22.) Incertae Sedis Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.23.) Suprafamilial Groups Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.23.1.) Acanthopoidea Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.23.2.) Artimantodea Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.23.3.) Cernomantodea Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.23.4.) Eumantodea Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.23.5.) Mantidea Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.23.6.) Mantoidea Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.23.7.) Mantomorpha Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.2.23.8.) Neomantodea Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.3.) Morphological Convergence and Ecomorphs Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 15.4.) Conclusions Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson. -- References Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 16.) Biodiversity of Psocoptera Frank Wieland Gavin J. Svenson -- 16.1.) Classification Edward L. Mockford -- 16.2.) Overview of the Psocoptera Edward L. Mockford -- 16.2.1.) Suborder Trogiomorpha Edward L. Mockford -- 16.2.1.1.) Infraorder Atropetae Edward L. Mockford -- 16.2.1.2.) Infraorder Psocatropetae Edward L. Mockford -- 16.2.1.3.) Infraorder Prionoglaridetae Edward L. Mockford -- 16.2.2.) Suborder Troctomorpha Edward L. Mockford -- 16.2.2.1.) Infraorder Nanopsocetae Edward L. Mockford -- 16.2.2.2.) Infraorder Amphientometae Edward L. Mockford -- 16.2.2.3.) Superfamily Amphientomoidea Edward L. Mockford -- 16.2.2.4.) Superfamily Electrentomoidea Edward L. Mockford -- 16.2.3.) Suborder Psocomorpha Edward L. Mockford -- 16.2.3.1.) Infraorder Archipsocetae Edward L. Mockford -- 16.2.3.2.) Infraorder Caeciliusetae Edward L. Mockford -- 16.2.3.3.) Infraorder Homilopsocidea Edward L. Mockford -- 16.2.3.4.) Infraorder Philotarsetae Edward L. Mockford -- 16.2.3.5.) Infraorder Epipsocetae Edward L. Mockford -- 16.2.3.6.) Infraorder Psocetae Edward L. Mockford -- 16.3.) Summary of Diversity of the Psocoptera and Predictions Edward L. Mockford -- 16.4.) Importance to Humans of Psocopteran Biodiversity Edward L. Mockford. -- Acknowledgments Edward L. Mockford. -- References Edward L. Mockford -- 17.) Biodiversity of Ectoparasites: Lice (Phthiraptera) and Fleas (Siphonaptera) Edward L. Mockford -- 17.1.) Phthiraptera-The Parasitic Lice Terry D. Galloway -- 17.2.) Siphonaptera-The Fleas Terry D. Galloway -- 17.3.) Medical and Veterinary Importance Terry D. Galloway -- 17.3.1.) Lice Terry D. Galloway -- 17.3.2.) Fleas Terry D. Galloway -- 17.4.) Community Diversity of Lice and Fleas Terry D. Galloway -- 17.5.) Conservation of Lice and Fleas Terry D. Galloway. -- Acknowledgments Terry D. Galloway. -- References Terry D. Galloway -- 18.) Biodiversity of Thysanoptera Terry D. Galloway -- 18.1.) What Are Thrips? Laurence A. Mound -- 18.2.) Family Diversity Laurence A. Mound -- 18.3.) Lives of Thrips Laurence A. Mound -- 18.4.) Thrips Around the World Laurence A. Mound -- 18.5.) Thrips as Research Targets Laurence A. Mound -- 18.6.) Structural Diversity of Thrips Laurence A. Mound -- 18.7.) Thrips as Pests Laurence A. Mound -- 18.8.) Thrips and Human Life Laurence A. Mound -- 18.9.) Thrips Information Sources Laurence A. Mound. -- References Laurence A. Mound -- 19.) Diversity of the True Hoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) Laurence A. Mound -- 19.1.) Overview of the Auchenorrhyncha Charles R. Bartlett Lewis L. Deitz Matthew S. Wallace Allen F. Sanborn Adeline Soulier-Perkins Dmitry A. Dmitriev -- 19.1.1.) Cicadomorpha Charles R. Bartlett Lewis L. Deitz Matthew S. Wallace Allen F. Sanborn Adeline Soulier-Perkins Dmitry A. Dmitriev -- 19.1.1.1.) Superfamily Cicadoidea-The Cicadas: Cicadidae and Tettigarctidae Charles R. Bartlett Lewis L. Deitz Matthew S. Wallace Allen F. Sanborn Adeline Soulier-Perkins Dmitry A. Dmitriev -- 19.1.1.2.) Superfamily Cercopoidea-Spittlebugs or Froghoppers Charles R. Bartlett Lewis L. Deitz Matthew S. Wallace Allen F. Sanborn Adeline Soulier-Perkins Dmitry A. Dmitriev -- 19.1.1.3.) Superfamily Membracoidea-Leafhoppers and Treehoppers Charles R. Bartlett Lewis L. Deitz Matthew S. Wallace Allen F. Sanborn Adeline Soulier-Perkins Dmitry A. Dmitriev -- 19.1.2.) Fulgoromorpha Charles R. Bartlett Lewis L. Deitz Matthew S. Wallace Allen F. Sanborn Adeline Soulier-Perkins Dmitry A. Dmitriev -- 19.1.2.1.) Superfamily Fulgoroidea-The Planthoppers Charles R. Bartlett Lewis L. Deitz Matthew S. Wallace Allen F. Sanborn Adeline Soulier-Perkins Dmitry A. Dmitriev -- 19.2.) Prospectus Charles R. Bartlett Lewis L. Deitz Matthew S. Wallace Allen F. Sanborn Adeline Soulier-Perkins Dmitry A. Dmitriev. -- Acknowledgments Lewis L. Deitz Dmitry A. Dmitriev Charles R. Bartlett Adeline Soulier-Perkins Matthew S. Wallace Allen F. Sanborn. -- References Charles R. Bartlett Lewis L. Deitz Matthew S. Wallace Allen F. Sanborn Adeline Soulier-Perkins Dmitry A. Dmitriev -- 20.) Biodiversity of Sternorrhyncha: Scale Insects, Aphids, Psyllids, and Whiteflies Charles R. Bartlett Lewis L. Deitz Matthew S. Wallace Allen F. Sanborn Adeline Soulier-Perkins Dmitry A. Dmitriev -- 20.1.) Sternorrhyncha and Society Nate B. Hardy -- 20.1.1.) Economic Importance Nate B. Hardy -- 20.1.2.) Ecological Importance Nate B. Hardy Note continued:) 20.1.3.) Existential Importance Nate B. Hardy -- 20.2.) Taxonomic Diversity of Sternorrhyncha Nate B. Hardy -- 20.2.1.) Phylogeny and Classification Nate B. Hardy -- 20.2.1.1.) Aphidoidea Nate B. Hardy -- 20.2.1.2.) Aleyrodoidea Nate B. Hardy -- 20.2.1.3.) Coccoidea Nate B. Hardy -- 20.2.1.4.) Psylloidea Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.) Functional Diversity of Sternorrhyncha Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.1.) Trophic Diversity Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.1.1.) Phloem Feeding Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.1.2.) Not Phloem Feeding Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.1.3.) Trophic-Breadth Variation Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.2.) Trophic Evolution Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.3.) Endosymbiosis Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.4.) Endosymbiont Diversity Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.4.1.) Endosymbiont Phylogenetic Diversity Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.4.2.) Endosymbiont Functional Diversity Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.5.) Endosymbiont Evolution Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.5.1.) Ecological Speciation Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.5.2.) Conflictual Speciation Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.6.) Life-Cycle Diversity Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.6.1.) Aphid Soldiers and Eusocial Societies Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.6.2.) Life-Cycle Evolution Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.7.) Genetic-System Diversity Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.7.1.) Holocentric Chromosomes Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.7.2.) Sex Determination and Parthenogenesis Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.7.3.) Sex Ratio Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.7.4.) Supernumerary Chromosomes Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.8.) Genetic-System Evolution Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.8.1.) What Sternorrhyncha Can Tell Us About the Evolution of Sex Nate B. Hardy -- 20.3.8.2.) What Sternorrhyncha Can Tell Us About the Evolution of Genetic Systems Nate B. Hardy -- 20.4.) Conclusions Nate B. Hardy. -- Acknowledgments Nate B. Hardy. -- References Nate B. Hardy -- 21.) Biodiversity of the Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera, Megaloptera, and Raphidioptera) Nate B. Hardy -- 21.1.) Phylogeny Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.2.) Geological Age Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.3.) Metamorphosis and Life Stages Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.3.1.) Adults Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.3.2.) Eggs and Oviposition John D. Oswald Renato J.P. Machado -- 21.3.3.) Larvae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.3.4.) Pupae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.4.) Biology Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.5.) Distribution Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.) Overview of Orders and Families Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.1.) Order Megaloptera Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.1.1.) Family Corydalidae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.1.2.) Family Sialidae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.2.) Order Neuroptera Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.2.1.) Family Ascalaphidae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.2.2.) Family Berothidae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.2.3.) Family Chrysopidae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.2.4.) Family Coniopterygidae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.2.5.) Family Dilaridae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.2.6.) Family Hemerobiidae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.2.7.) Family Ithonidae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.2.8.) Family Mantispidae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.2.9.) Family Myrmeleontidae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.2.10.) Family Nemopteridae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.2.11.) Family Nevrorthidae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.2.12.) Family Nymphidae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.2.13.) Family Osmylidae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.2.14.) Family Psychopsidae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.2.15.) Family Sisyridae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.3.) Order Raphidioptera Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.3.1.) Family Inocelliidae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.6.3.2.) Family Raphidiidae Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.7.) Societal Importance Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald -- 21.8.) Scientific Importance Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald. -- Acknowledgments Renato J.P. Machado John D. Oswald. -- References John D. Oswald Renato J.P. Machado -- 22.) Biodiversity of Strepsiptera John D. Oswald Renato J.P. Machado -- 22.1.) Family Bahiaxenidae Jeyaraney Kathirithamby -- 22.2.) Suborder Mengenillidia Jeyaraney Kathirithamby -- 22.2.1.) Family Mengenillidae Jeyaraney Kathirithamby -- 22.3.) Suborder Stylopidia Jeyaraney Kathirithamby -- 22.3.1.) Family Corioxenidae Jeyaraney Kathirithamby -- 22.4.) Infraorder Stylopiformia Jeyaraney Kathirithamby -- 22.4.1.) Family Myrmecolacidae Jeyaraney Kathirithamby -- 22.4.2.) Family Lychnocolacidae Jeyaraney Kathirithamby -- 22.4.3.) Family Stylopidae Jeyaraney Kathirithamby -- 22.4.4.) Family Xenidae Jeyaraney Kathirithamby -- 22.4.5.) Family Bohartillidae Jeyaraney Kathirithamby -- 22.4.6.) Family Elenchidae Jeyaraney Kathirithamby -- 22.4.7.) Family Halictophagidae Jeyaraney Kathirithamby -- 22.5.) Conclusions Jeyaraney Kathirithamby. -- Acknowledgments Jeyaraney Kathirithamby. -- References Jeyaraney Kathirithamby -- 23.) Biodiversity of Mecoptera Jeyaraney Kathirithamby -- 23.1.) Suborder Nannomecoptera Wesley J. Bicha -- 23.1.1.) Family Nannochoristidae Wesley J. Bicha -- 23.2.) Suborder Pistillifera Wesley J. Bicha -- 23.2.1.) Infraorder Raptipedia Wesley J. Bicha -- 23.2.1.1.) Family Bittacidae Wesley J. Bicha -- 23.2.2.) Infraorder Opisthogonopora Wesley J. Bicha -- 23.2.2.1.) Group Boreomorpha Wesley J. Bicha -- 23.2.2.2.) Group Meropomorpha Wesley J. Bicha -- 23.2.2.3.) Group Panorpomorpha Wesley J. Bicha -- 23.3.) Societal Value of Mecoptera Wesley J. Bicha -- 23.4.) Scientific Value of Mecoptera Wesley J. Bicha -- 23.5.) Conclusion Wesley J. Bicha. -- References Wesley J. Bicha -- 24.) Fossil History of Insect Diversity Wesley J. Bicha -- 24.1.) Importance of the Insect Fossil Record Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.) Types of Insect Diversity Past and Present Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.1.) Taxonomic and Taxic Diversity Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.2.) Ecological Diversity Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.3.) Biotal Diversity Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.4.) Plant-Insect Interactional Diversity Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.4.1.) Short-Term Studies Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.4.2.) Intermediate-Term Studies Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.4.3.) Long-Term Studies Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.4.4.) Very Long-Term Studies Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.5.) Morphological Diversity Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.5.1.) Size Disparity Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.5.2.) Structural Disparity Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.5.3.) Developmental Disparity Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.5.4.) Key Innovations Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.6.) Functional Diversity Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.6.1.) Functional Feeding Groups Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.6.2.) Lacustrine Ecospace Occupation Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.6.3.) Parasitoids and Trophic Roles in Food Webs Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.7.) Behavioral Diversity Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.7.1.) Sociality Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.7.2.) Mimicry and Warning Coloration Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.2.7.3.) Pollen-Collection Strategies Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.3.) Biodiversity Changes Through Time Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.3.1.) Long-Term Environmental Change Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.3.1.1.) Mid-Paleozoic Beginnings of Terrestrial Ecosystems Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.3.1.2.) Initial Taxic Radiation of Insects Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.3.1.3.) Late Paleozoic Expansion of Herbivore Functional Feeding Groups Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.3.1.4.) Ecological and Behavioral Changes from the Mesozoic Lacustrine Revolution Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.3.1.5.) Parasitoid Revolution Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.3.1.6.) Biodiversity Ramifications of the Early Expansion of Angiosperms Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.3.1.7.) Expansion of the Grassland Biome Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.3.2.) Short-Term Environmental Change Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.3.2.1.) Permian-Triassic Global Crisis and Reductions in Biodiversity Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.3.2.2.) Cretaceous-Paleogene Global Crisis and Reductions in Biodiversity Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.3.2.3.) Biodiversity Realignments During the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.3.2.4.) End-Pleistocene Extinctions and Their Meaning for the Modern World Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.4.) Current Societal Aspects of Fossil Insect Biodiversity Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.4.1.) Human Interests and Biases Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.4.2.) Tools for Understanding Evolutionary and Ecological Diversification Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.4.3.) Detection of Insect-Borne Diseases in the Fossil Record Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.4.4.) Insect Herbivory and Global Warming Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.4.5.) Current Biodiversity Crisis Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.5.) Conclusions Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.5.1.) Importance of the Insect Fossil Record for Understanding Insect Diversity Conrad C. Labandeira Note continued:) 24.5.2.) Five Fundamental Types of Diversity in the Insect Fossil Record Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.5.3.) Effect of Long-Term Environmental Change on Insect Diversity Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.5.4.) Effect of Short-Term Environmental Changes on Insect Diversity Conrad C. Labandeira -- 24.5.5.) How Fossil Insect Biodiversity Affects Us All Conrad C. Labandeira. -- Acknowledgments Conrad C. Labandeira. -- References Conrad C. Labandeira -- 25.) Phenotypes in Insect Biodiversity Research Conrad C. Labandeira -- 25.1.) Phenotype Data: Past and Present Istvan Miko Andrew R. Deans -- 25.2.) Phenotype Data: Present and Future Istvan Miko Andrew R. Deans -- 25.2.1.) Biological Ontologies Istvan Miko Andrew R. Deans -- 25.2.2.) Ontologies in Biodiversity Research Istvan Miko Andrew R. Deans -- 25.2.2.1.) Referencing a Glossary Istvan Miko Andrew R. Deans -- 25.2.2.2.) Generating Logically Consistent Phenotypes Istvan Miko Andrew R. Deans -- 25.2.2.3.) Reasoning Across Phenotype Data Istvan Miko Andrew R. Deans -- 25.3.) Challenges and Future Directions Istvan Miko Andrew R. Deans -- 25.3.1.) Social Challenges to "Standardization" Istvan Miko Andrew R. Deans -- 25.3.2.) Ontology Development Barriers Istvan Miko Andrew R. Deans -- 25.3.3.) Ontology Implementation Barriers Istvan Miko Andrew R. Deans -- 25.3.4.) Phenotype Complexity Istvan Miko Andrew R. Deans -- 25.3.5.) Communicating Primarily with Semantic Phenotypes Istvan Miko Andrew R. Deans -- 25.3.6.) No Clearinghouse for Phenotype Data Istvan Miko Andrew R. Deans -- 25.3.7.) Reasoning Challenges Istvan Miko Andrew R. Deans. -- Acknowledgments Andrew R. Deans Istvan Miko. -- References Andrew R. Deans Istvan Miko -- 26.) Global Change and Insect Biodiversity in Agroecosystems Andrew R. Deans Istvan Miko -- 26.1.) Global Change David R. Gillespie Matthew J.W. Cock Thibaud Decaens Owen O. Olfert Sandra D. Gillespie Juan J. Jimenez Philippa J. Gerard -- 26.2.) Insect Biodiversity in Agriculture David R. Gillespie Matthew J.W. Cock Thibaud Decaens Owen O. Olfert Sandra D. Gillespie Juan J. Jimenez Philippa J. Gerard -- 26.2.1.) What Do We Mean By "Biodiversity"? David R. Gillespie Matthew J.W. Cock Thibaud Decaens Owen O. Olfert Sandra D. Gillespie Juan J. Jimenez Philippa J. Gerard -- 26.3.) Effects of Global Change on Biodiversity-What Do We Know? David R. Gillespie Matthew J.W. Cock Thibaud Decaens Owen O. Olfert Sandra D. Gillespie Juan J. Jimenez Philippa J. Gerard -- 26.3.1.) Crop Pests and Natural Enemies David R. Gillespie Matthew J.W. Cock Thibaud Decaens Owen O. Olfert Sandra D. Gillespie Juan J. Jimenez Philippa J. Gerard -- 26.3.1.1.) Distribution David R. Gillespie Matthew J.W. Cock Thibaud Decaens Owen O. Olfert Sandra D. Gillespie Juan J. Jimenez Philippa J. Gerard -- 26.3.1.2.) Community Composition David R. Gillespie Matthew J.W. Cock Thibaud Decaens Owen O. Olfert Sandra D. Gillespie Juan J. Jimenez Philippa J. Gerard -- 26.3.1.3.) Other Responses to Climate Change Matthew J.W. Cock Thibaud Decaens Philippa J. Gerard David R. Gillespie Juan J. Jimenez Owen O. Olfert Sandra D. Gillespie -- 26.3.2.) Soil Function and Topsoil Maintenance David R. Gillespie Matthew J.W. Cock Thibaud Decaens Owen O. Olfert Sandra D. Gillespie Juan J. Jimenez Philippa J. Gerard -- 26.3.3.) Implications of Global Change for Crop Pollination David R. Gillespie Matthew J.W. Cock Thibaud Decaens Owen O. Olfert Sandra D. Gillespie Juan J. Jimenez Philippa J. Gerard -- 26.3.3.1.) Evidence for Importance of Biodiversity for Pollination Service to Crops David R. Gillespie Matthew J.W. Cock Thibaud Decaens Owen O. Olfert Sandra D. Gillespie Juan J. Jimenez Philippa J. Gerard -- 26.3.3.2.) Expected Effects of Global Change on Pollinator Diversity-Consequences for Society David R. Gillespie Matthew J.W. Cock Thibaud Decaens Philippa J. Gerard Sandra D. Gillespie Juan J. Jimenez Owen O. Olfert -- 26.4.) Island Versus Continent Contrasts David R. Gillespie Matthew J.W. Cock Thibaud Decaens Owen O. Olfert Sandra D. Gillespie Juan J. Jimenez Philippa J. Gerard -- 26.4.1.) Impacts on Biodiversity of Insects in Island Agroecosystems David R. Gillespie Matthew J.W. Cock Thibaud Decaens Owen O. Olfert Sandra D. Gillespie Juan J. Jimenez Philippa J. Gerard -- 26.5.) Tropical Versus Temperate Issues David R. Gillespie Matthew J.W. Cock Thibaud Decaens Owen O. Olfert Sandra D. Gillespie Juan J. Jimenez Philippa J. Gerard -- 26.5.1.) Climate Tolerances in Tropical and Temperate Species David R. Gillespie Matthew J.W. Cock Thibaud Decaens Owen O. Olfert Sandra D. Gillespie Juan J. Jimenez Philippa J. Gerard -- 26.6.) Some Concluding Viewpoints Thibaud Decaens Philippa J. Gerard Sandra D. Gillespie Matthew J.W. Cock Owen O. Olfert David R. Gillespie Juan J. Jimenez. -- References David R. Gillespie Matthew J.W. Cock Thibaud Decaens Owen O. Olfert Sandra D. Gillespie Juan J. Jimenez Philippa J. Gerard -- 27.) Digital Photography and the Democratization of Biodiversity Information David R. Gillespie Matthew J.W. Cock Thibaud Decaens Owen O. Olfert Sandra D. Gillespie Juan J. Jimenez Philippa J. Gerard -- 27.1.) Digital Insect Collection Stephen A. Marshall -- 27.2.) Digital Images in Interactive Keys Stephen A. Marshall -- 27.3.) Digital Photography and Taxonomic Revisions Stephen A. Marshall -- 27.4.) Organization of Digital Insect Collections Stephen A. Marshall -- 27.5.) Conclusions Stephen A. Marshall. -- References Stephen A. Marshall -- 28.) Bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) Diversity Through Time Stephen A. Marshall -- 28.1.) Morphological Diversity Sophie Cardinal -- 28.2.) Behavioral Diversity: Social, Nesting, and Floral Hosts Sophie Cardinal -- 28.3.) Geographical Diversity Sophie Cardinal -- 28.4.) Evolutionary History and Diversification Sophie Cardinal -- 28.5.) Conclusions Sophie Cardinal. -- References Sophie Cardinal -- 29.) Insect Biodiversity in Culture and Art Sophie Cardinal -- 29.1.) Prehistory Jessee J. Smith Gene Kritsky -- 29.2.) Insects in the Ancient World Jessee J. Smith Gene Kritsky -- 29.3.) Cult of Artemis: A Case Study Jessee J. Smith Gene Kritsky -- 29.4.) Roman Insect Art Jessee J. Smith Gene Kritsky -- 29.5.) Ancient China Jessee J. Smith Gene Kritsky -- 29.6.) Religions of India Jessee J. Smith Gene Kritsky -- 29.7.) Post-Classical Era Jessee J. Smith Gene Kritsky -- 29.8.) Americas Jessee J. Smith Gene Kritsky -- 29.9.) Modern History Jessee J. Smith Gene Kritsky -- 29.10.) Japanese Art Jessee J. Smith Gene Kritsky -- 29.11.) Language and Literature Jessee J. Smith Gene Kritsky -- 29.12.) Insects in Music Jessee J. Smith Gene Kritsky -- 29.13.) Insects in Cinema Jessee J. Smith Gene Kritsky -- 29.14.) Akihabara Culture: Toys, Video Games, and Anime from Modern Japan Jessee J. Smith Gene Kritsky -- 29.15.) Present and Future Trends in Cultural Entomology Jessee J. Smith Gene Kritsky -- 29.16.) Internet Age Gene Kritsky Jessee J. Smith. -- References Jessee J. Smith Gene Kritsky Acceso restringido a los miembros de la UAL This second volume of Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society offers further research and expert commentary on insects & apos complex relationships with human society and our endangered environment. Featuring entirely new contributions from leading researchers and scholars in the field, the text explores and analyses key topics from geographical, socio-cultural, and taxonomic perspectives Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, Volume II approaches insect biodiversity regionally, and examines a wide range of areas including the Arctic and Asia, as well as habitats such as crops, caves, and islands. The authors discuss all insect orders not covered in Volume One, and provide scientific and societal analyses that illustrate the positive and negative aspects of each group. Finally, Volume Two also offers considerations of insects & apos shifting roles in human culture, with insights into past insect biodiversity and thoughts on the future from a cyber-taxonomic viewpoint. This comprehensive resource Offers the most up-to-date information on the important subject of insect biodiversity Explores vital topics such as the impact on insect biodiversity of habitat loss and degradation and climate change With Volume One, presents current information on the biodiversity of all insect orders Contains reviews of insect biodiversity in culture and art, in the fossil record, and in agricultural systems Robert G. Foottit is a research scientist specializing in the taxonomy of aphids and related groups, with the Canadian National Collection of insects and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. His research interests include the use of morphological and molecular approaches in the study of aphid species and populations Peter H. Adler is a professor of entomology at Clemson University, where he holds a teaching and research appointment, specializing in the behavior, ecology, genetics, and systematics of insects, particularlv butterflies and medically important flies. --Book Jacket Insects Variation Insects Evolution Insects Ecology Biodiversity conservation SCIENCE Life Sciences Zoology General Foottit, R. Robert G.) editor Adler, Peter H. Peter Holdridge) 1954-) editor Wiley Online Library Ebooks (Servicio en línea) P2E_libros electrónicos (Servicio en línea)