Descripción del título
The anatomy of Russian disi...
Revealed with the invasion of Crimea and popularized after the 2016 U.S. presidential elections, Russian disinformation is in vogue. However, these activities that combine disinformation, propaganda, manipulation and forgeries using open, semi-concealed or clandestine means are not new. These techniques were conceived after the Soviet revolution, they were employed during the Cold War and they have been successfully adapted to the virtual environment. The article studies its components and emphasizes the continuity that exists in its tactics, techniques and procedures
Advertida con sorpresa durante la invasión de Crimea y popularizada tras las pasadas elecciones presidenciales estadounidenses, la desinformación rusa está en boga. Sin embargo, estas actividades que combinan desinformación, propaganda, manipulación y falsificación documental utilizando medios abiertos, semi-encubiertos o clandestinos no son nuevas. Moscú concibió estas técnicas tras la revolución rusa, las utilizó durante la Guerra Fría y parece haberlas adaptado con gran éxito al mundo virtual. El artículo estudia sus componentes y subraya la continuidad que existe en sus tácticas, técnicas y procedimientos
Analítica
analitica Rebiun31092003 https://catalogo.rebiun.org/rebiun/record/Rebiun31092003 220620s2020 xx o 000 0 spa d https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/HICS/article/view/63373 10.5209/hics.63373 S9M oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/63373 https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/index/oai HICS DGCNT S9M S9M dc The anatomy of Russian disinformation electronic resource] Anatomía de la desinformación rusa Ediciones Complutense 2020-10-27 Ediciones Complutense application/pdf Open access content. Open access content star Revealed with the invasion of Crimea and popularized after the 2016 U.S. presidential elections, Russian disinformation is in vogue. However, these activities that combine disinformation, propaganda, manipulation and forgeries using open, semi-concealed or clandestine means are not new. These techniques were conceived after the Soviet revolution, they were employed during the Cold War and they have been successfully adapted to the virtual environment. The article studies its components and emphasizes the continuity that exists in its tactics, techniques and procedures Advertida con sorpresa durante la invasión de Crimea y popularizada tras las pasadas elecciones presidenciales estadounidenses, la desinformación rusa está en boga. Sin embargo, estas actividades que combinan desinformación, propaganda, manipulación y falsificación documental utilizando medios abiertos, semi-encubiertos o clandestinos no son nuevas. Moscú concibió estas técnicas tras la revolución rusa, las utilizó durante la Guerra Fría y parece haberlas adaptado con gran éxito al mundo virtual. El artículo estudia sus componentes y subraya la continuidad que existe en sus tácticas, técnicas y procedimientos Derechos de autor 2020 Historia y Comunicación Social Spanish Disinformation; active measures; information warfare; Russia; propaganda; influence operations Desinformación - medidas activas - guerra informativa - Rusia - propaganda - Estados Unidos - desestabilización - polarización info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Artículo revisado por pares Colom-Piella, Guillem. cre Historia y Comunicación Social; Vol 25 No 2 (2020); 473-480 Historia y Comunicación Social; Vol 25 No 2 (2020); 473-480 Historia y Comunicación Social; Vol 25 No 2 (2020); 473-480 Historia y Comunicación Social; Vol. 25 Núm. 2 (2020); 473-480 1988-3056 1137-0734 https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/HICS/article/view/63373/4564456554965 /*ref*/Abrams, S. (2016). "Beyond propaganda: Soviet active measures in Putin's Russia". En: Connections, vol. 15 nº 1, Garmisch-Partenkirchen: PfP Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes, pp. 5-31 http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/Connections.15.1.01 /*ref*/Andrew, C.; Mitrokhin, V. (2000). The sword and the shield: the Mitrokhin archive and the secret history of the KGB. Nueva York: Basic Books /*ref*/Bezmenov, Y. (1984). Soviet subversion of the free world press. Nueva York: American Media, 81 min /*ref*/Bittman, L. (1985). The KGB and Soviet disinformation: an insider's view. Nueva York: Pergamon /*ref*/Boghardt, T. (2009). "Soviet Bloc Intelligence and Its AIDS Disinformation Campaign". En: Studies in Intelligence, vol. 53 nº 4, Langley: Central Intelligence Agency, pp. 1-24 https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol53no4/pdf/U-%20Boghardt-AIDS-Made%20in%20the%20USA-17Dec.pdf /*ref*/Bradshaw, S.; Howard, P. (2018). Challenging truth and trust: a global inventory of organized social media manipulation. Oxford: Oxford Internet Institute http://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2018/07/ct2018.pdf /*ref*/Bugajski, J. (2004). Cold Peace: Russia's New Imperialism. Nueva York: Praeger /*ref*/Colom, G. (2019). "Los enfoques estadounidense y ruso de la guerra informativa". En: Torres, M. (coord.). Desinformación: Poder y manipulación en la era digital. Granada: Comares, pp. 1-14 /*ref*/Colom, G. (2018). "Cuando la realidad supera la ficción: la Operación Ryan (1981-1991)". En: Ayer, nº 112, Madrid: Asociación de Historia Contemporánea, p. 265-93 http://revistaayer.com/articulo/1313 /*ref*/Darczewska, J.; Zochowski, P. (2018). Active Measures: Russia's key export. Varsovia: Centre for Eastern Studies https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/pw_64_ang_active-measures_net_0.pdf /*ref*/Diresta, R.; Shaffer, K.; Ruppel, B.; Sullivan, D.; Matney, R.; Fox, R.; Albright, J.; Johnson, B. (2018). The tactics & tropes of the Internet Research Agency. Austin: New Knowledge https://disinformationreport.blob.core.windows.net/disinformation-report/NewKnowledge-Disinformation-Report-Whitepaper-121718.pdf /*ref*/Fireeye (2017). APT28: at the center of the storm. Russia strategically evolves its cyber-operations. Milpitas: FireEye https://www2.fireeye.com/rs/848-DID-242/images/APT28-Center-of-Storm-2017.pdf /*ref*/Galeotti, M. (2017). Controlling chaos: how Russia manages its political war in Europe. Londres. European Council on Foreign Relations https://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR228_-_CONTROLLING_CHAOS1.pdf /*ref*/Gareev, M. (1998). If War Comes Tomorrow? The Contours of Future Armed Conflict. Londres: Frank Cass /*ref*/Gerasimov, V. (2019). "Vektory razvitija voennoj strategii", Krasnaja zvezda, 4-3-2019 http://redstar.ru/vektory-razvitiya-voennoj-strategii /*ref*/Gerasimov, V. (2013). "Cennost nauki v predvidenii". En: Voenno-promyslennyj kurer, vol. 8, nº 476, Moscú: VPK, s.n. https://vpk-news.ru/articles/14632 /*ref*/Giles, K. (2016). Handbook of Russian information warfare. Roma: NATO Defence College http://www.ndc.nato.int/download/downloads.php?icode=506 /*ref*/Godson, R. y Shultz, R. (1985). "Soviet active measures: Distinctions and definitions". En: Defence Analysis, vol. 1 nº 2, Londres: Taylor & Francis, pp. 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/07430178508405191 /*ref*/Helmus, T.; Bodine-Baron, E.; Radin, A.; Magnuson, M.; Mendelsohn, J.; Marcellino, W.; Bega; A.; Winkelman, Z. (2018). Russian social media influence. Understanding Russian propaganda in Eastern Europe. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR2200/RR2237/RAND_RR2237.pdf /*ref*/Herpen, M. (2016). Putin's Propaganda Machine: Soft Power and Russian Foreign Policy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. Select Committee On Intelligence (2018). Report on Russian active measures, Washington DC: House of Representatives https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/final_russia_investigation_report.pdf /*ref*/Jeangène, J. B.; Escorcia, A.; Guillaume, M.; Herrera, J. (2018). Information Manipulation: A Challenge for Our Democracies. París: CAPS-IRSEM https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/information_manipulation_rvb_cle838736pdf /*ref*/Jones, S. (2018). Going on the Offensive. Washington DC: CSIS https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/181002_Russia_Active_Measures_FINAL1.pdf /*ref*/KGB (1972). Kontrrazvedyvatelnyj slovar. Moscú: Departamento de publicaciones de la escuela F.E. Dzerzhinsky http://www.pseudology.org/Abel/KRSlovar2.pdf /*ref*/Kuleshov, Y.; Zhutdiev, B.; Fedorov, D. (2014). "Informacionno-psihologiceskoe protivoborstvo v sovremennyh usloviâh: teoriâ i praktika". En: Vestnik Akademii Voennyh Nauk, vol. 46 nº1, Moscú: Academia de Ciencias Militares, pp. 104-110. http://www.avnrf.ru/attachments/article/639/AVN-1(46)_001-184_print.pdf /*ref*/Kux, D. (1985). "Soviet active measures and disinformation: overview and assessment". En: Parameters, vol. 15 nº 4, Carlisle: Strategic Studies Institute, pp. 19-28. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a521468.pdf /*ref*/Macaskill, E. (2014). "Putin calls internet a 'CIA project' renewing fears of web breakup". En: The Guardian, 24-4-2014 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/24/vladimir-putin-web-breakup-internet-cia /*ref*/Maese, R.; Khurshudyan, I.; Roth, A. "Alex Ovechkin is one of Putin's biggest fans. The question is why?". The Washington Post, 25-11-2017 https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/alex-ovechkin-is-one-of-putins-biggest-fans-the-question-is-why/2017/11/25/c5f8bb2e-ce36-11e7-9d3a-bcbe2af58c3a_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.d38b28f5e976 /*ref*/Manojlo, A.B. (2014). Texnologii nesilovogo razresenija konfliktov. Moscú: Hotline-Telecom /*ref*/Martens, B.; Aguiar, L.; Gómez, M.; Muller-Langer, F. (2018). The digital transformation of news media and the rise of disinformation and fake news. Sevilla: Joint Research Centre Unión Europea https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/jrcsh/files/jrc111529.pdf /*ref*/Mitrokhin, V. (ed.) (2002). KGB Lexicon: The Soviet intelligence officers handbook. Oxon: Frank Cass /*ref*/Ministry Of Defence Of The Russian Federation (2011). Conceptual Views regarding the Activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in Information Space. Moscú: Ministerio de Defensa https://eng.mil.ru/en/science/publications/more.htm?id=10845074@cmsArticle /*ref*/National Intelligence Council (2017). Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections. Washington DC: Government Printing Office https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/ICA_2017_01.pdf /*ref*/Polyakova, A.; Boyer, S. (2018). The future of political warfare: Russia, the West, and the coming age of global digital competition. Washington DC: Brookings https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/fp_20180316_future_political_warfare.pdf /*ref*/Rodríguez, R. (2018). "Fundamentos del concepto de desinformación como práctica manipuladora en la comunicación política y las relaciones internacionales". Historia y comunicación social, vol. 23 nº 1, Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid, pp. 231-244. https://doi.org/10.5209/HICS.59843 /*ref*/Romerstein, H. (1990). "Soviet Active Measures and Propaganda: "New Thinking" and Influence Activities in the Gorbachev Era". En: Radvanyi, J. (ed.). Psychological Operations and Political Warfare in Long-term Strategic Planning. Nueva York: Praeger, pp. 36-68 /*ref*/Saifetdinov, C. (2014), "Informatsionnoe protivoborstvo v voennoi sfere". En: Voennaia mysl, nº 7, pp. 38-41 /*ref*/Security Information Service (2009). Annual Report of the Security Information Service for 2008. Praga: Intelligence Service of the Czech Republic. https://www.bis.cz/public/site/bis.cz/content/vyrocni-zpravy/en/ar2008en.pdf /*ref*/Shultz, R.; Godson, R. (1984). Desinformatsia. Washington DC: Pergamon Brassey's /*ref*/Silverman, C.; Feder, L.; Cvetkovska, S.; Belford, A. "Macedonia's pro-Trump fake news industry had American links, and is under investigation for possible Russia ties", Buzzfeed, 18-07-2018 https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/american-conservatives-fake-news-macedonia-paris-wade-libert /*ref*/Soldatov, A.; Borogan, I. (2015). The red web: the struggle between Russia's digital dictators and the new online revolutionaries. Nueva York: Public Affairs /*ref*/Tarín, A. (2018). "Propaganda de guerra: De Chechenia a Siria, pasando por Crimea". En: Tarín, A.; Ter, M.; Vázquez, M. (eds.). Sistema mediático y propaganda en la Rusia de Putin. Salamanca: Comunicación Social, pp. 83-108 /*ref*/Ter, M. (2018). "Propaganda para las audiencias extranjeras". En: Tarín, A.; Ter, M.; Vázquez, M. (eds.). Sistema mediático y propaganda en la Rusia de Putin. Salamanca: Comunicación Social, pp. 109-140 /*ref*/Thomas, T. (2004). "Russia's Reflexive Control Theory and the Military". En: Journal of Slavic Military Studies, nº 17, pp. 237-256 http://dx.doi.org.10.1080/13518040490450529237 /*ref*/Thomas, T. (1998). "Russia's information warfare structure: Understanding the roles of the security council, Fapsi, the state technical commission and the military". En: European Security, vol. 7 nº 1, Londres: Taylor & Francis, pp. 156-172 https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839808407354 /*ref*/U.S. Department of Justice (2019). Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election. 28 C.F.R. § 600.8(c) https://www.justice.gov/storage/report.pdf /*ref*/U.S. Department of Justice (2018). United States of America v. Internet Research Agency, et al. Caso 1:18-cr-00032-DLF https://www.justice.gov/file/1035477/download /*ref*/U.S. Department of State (1982). Soviet Active Measures, an update. nº 101. Washington DC: Government Printing Office http://insidethecoldwar.org/sites/default/files/documents/Department%20of%20State%20report%20Soviet%20Active%20Measures%20Update%20July%201982.pdf /*ref*/U.S. Department of State (1981). Soviet Active Measures. Forgery, Disinformation, Political Operations. Nº 88. Washington DC: Government Printing Office https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP84B00049R001303150031-0.pdf /*ref*/U.S. Information Agency (1992). Soviet active measures in the "post-Cold War" era 1988-1991. Washington DC: Government Printing Office https://aktivnyye.com/f/Soviet_Active_Measures_in_the_Post-Cold_War_Era_1988-1991.pdf